1. Shor’s algorithm: Peter Shor’s discovery of an algorithm that can efficiently solve certain problems, such as integer factorization, using quantum computers.

2. Quantum supremacy: The achievement of Google’s quantum computer, Quantum Processor Sycamore, in performing a calculation that would be practically impossible for classical computers.

3. Error correction: The development of quantum error correction codes that can protect quantum information from decoherence and noise, thus improving the reliability and stability of quantum computations.

4. Quantum teleportation: The successful teleportation of quantum states between two distant particles, showcasing the potential for long-distance quantum communication.

5. Quantum cryptography: The advancement of quantum key distribution, a secure method for exchanging cryptographic keys based on quantum principles, which ensures the security of data transmission.

6. Quantum simulations: The use of quantum computers to efficiently simulate and understand complex quantum systems, such as chemical reactions, materials properties, and biological processes.

7. Topological quantum computing: Exploration of novel approaches, like topological qubits based on anyons, which are more robust against noise and decoherence, potentially enabling more stable and scalable quantum computers.

8. Quantum machine learning: The combination of quantum computing and machine learning techniques, leading to the development of algorithms that can efficiently process large-scale data sets and solve complex problems.

9. Quantum metrology: The use of quantum systems to achieve enhanced precision measurements, allowing for advancements in fields like navigation, timekeeping, and gravitational wave detection.

10. Quantum communication networks: The development of infrastructure for quantum communication networks that can transmit quantum bits (qubits) over long distances, enabling secure and efficient quantum communication worldwide.